DOI: 10.31038/IJAS.2021214
Abstract
Background: Aortic replacement surgery is often complicated by significant bleeding due to perioperative coagulopathy. Data regarding the effectiveness of treatment with fibrinogen concentrate to reduce perioperative blood transfusion in aortic replacement surgery in prior studies have shown conflicting results.
Methods: A randomized, placebo-controlled, double blind, clinical trial of a single dose fibrinogen concentrate versus placebo for treatment of post-cardiopulmonary bypass coagulopathy in patients undergoing elective surgery for thoracic arch aneurysm with deep hypothermic circulatory arrest.
Results: Twenty patients were randomized to fibrinogen concentrate (N=10) or placebo (N=10). The recruitment of study patients was prematurely ended due to a low inclusion rate. Five (50%) patients in the fibrinogen group and two (20%) patients in the placebo group had at least one perioperative blood transfusion (P=0.196). The 5-minute bleeding mass after study medication was 65 g [39-104] in the fibrinogen group and 61 g [40-108] in the control group (P=0.910). Postoperative blood loss was 450 ml [300-655] in the fibrinogen group and 510 ml [415-650] in the control group (P=0.405). After study medication, maximum clot strength and time from initial clot formation until maximum firmness improved significantly in the fibrinogen group but not in the control group.
Conclusions: Due to small volumes of postoperative blood loss and premature study termination, a beneficial effect of fibrinogen concentrate on the number of blood transfusions after aortic replacement surgery could not be established. However, treatment with fibrinogen effectively restored the postoperative fibrinogen concentration to preoperative levels and increased maximum clot strength after cardiopulmonary bypass.
Keywords
Hemostasis, Fibrinogen, Point of care systems, Thoracic aorta surgery
Introduction
Aortic replacement surgery is often complicated by significant bleeding due to perioperative coagulopathy. Consumption and dilution of clotting factors, inflammation and fibrinolysis, Hypothermic Circulatory Arrest (HCA) and long Cardiopulmonary Bypass (CPB) time increase the need for blood transfusions to treat perioperative blood loss [1]. Although blood transfusion is increasingly safe, evidence suggests that it remains associated with adverse clinical outcomes [2]. To reduce the risk of transfusion associated complications, perioperative coagulopathy can be treated with coagulation factor replacement therapies, but adequate powered randomized studies on the efficacy and safety of such therapies are scarce [3,4].
Plasma fibrinogen plays an important role in perioperative hemostasis, but is often reduced to low concentrations during cardiac surgery [5]. Low plasma fibrinogen levels reduce clot firmness and have been associated with bleeding complications [6]. Plasma fibrinogen initiates clot formation and enhances platelet aggregation by binding platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa receptors found on platelets [7,8]. To prevent depleted plasma fibrinogen levels, cardiac surgery patients can be substituted by plasma transfusion, Fibrinogen Concentrate (FC) or cryoprecipitate. Transfusion with plasma immediately supplies all essential coagulant factors, but requires large volumes to restore plasma fibrinogen levels, with risk of circulatory overload.
Data regarding the effectiveness of treatment with FC to reduce perioperative blood transfusion in aortic replacement surgery in prior studies have shown conflicting results. A landmark randomized trial in 2013 showed that blood transfusion was significantly reduced by FC compared to placebo [9]. However, a follow up multicenter study in 2016 could not confirm these results [10]. Fibrinogen concentrate did not reduce blood loss in studies that included a cardiac surgery population with lower bleeding risk (i.e. <20% of included patients had aortic replacement surgery) [11]. We therefore conducted a double blind randomized controlled trial in patients with aortic arch replacement surgery with HCA to investigate if intraoperative FC administration reduced the need for allogeneic perioperative blood transfusion within 24 h after surgery.
Patients and Methods
Study Design
A randomized, placebo-controlled, double blind, clinical trial of FC (Hemocomplettan P, CSL Behring, Marburg) versus placebo for treatment of post CPB coagulopathy in patients undergoing elective aorta replacement surgery with HCA for thoracic aneurysm at a large tertiary hospital for cardiac surgery. Ethical approval was provided by the local ethics committee (Medical Ethics Research Committee United, no. NL45370.020.13) on July 16th 2014. The study protocol was registered at the US National Library of Medicine (NCT02299947) and performed in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. All patients gave written informed consent prior to entering the study. On July 2015 the protocol was amended after a serious adverse event (one patient died of mesenteric ischemia) and a history of severe atherosclerosis or type B aortic dissection was added to the exclusion criteria.
Study Population
Adults with thoracic aneurysm scheduled for aortic replacement surgery were eligible for study participation. Patients with the following medical conditions were not recruited: prior thrombosis or myocardial infarction, congenital coagulation disorder, use of antiplatelet therapy or vitamin K antagonists within 5 days preceding surgery, a history of severe atherosclerosis or type B aortic dissection, prior thoracic surgery, pregnancy and pre-operative fibrinogen concentration <1 g/L. Patients were informed by telephone at least one week prior to the planned surgical procedure and with their permission written study information was sent by mail. Informed consent was retrieved by a trained research professional one day before surgery. Inclusion took place between August 2014 and July 2018.
Data Collection and Study Procedures
Patient characteristics were collected from routine preoperative anesthesia assessment and consisted of medical history, current drug use, laboratory tests and echocardiography results. Surgical characteristics and study data were prospectively collected and started at time of hospital admission. Anesthesia and Intensive Care Unit (ICU) management were conducted following local standard operating procedures for cardiac surgery. For Cardiopulmonary Bypass (CPB), non-pulsatile perfusion was used with a flow of 2.0 to 2.4 l/min/m2 and unfractionated heparin was used to target the kaolin Activated Clotting Time (ACT) >400 s. After aortic cross-clamping, cardiac arrest was initiated using a cold crystalloid cardioplegia solution (St. Thomas cardioplegia, Pharmacy ‘Haagse Ziekenhuizen’, The Hague, The Netherlands). Deep HCA with a core temperature of 25°C and bilateral antegrade, selective, cerebral perfusion preserved organ function during aortic replacement surgery. Patients were weaned from CPB after rewarming (temperature >35.5°C). Heparin was reversed with protamine sulfate (0.75 mg per 100 U of heparin) and tranexamic acid was administered to each patient.
Blood Product Transfusion Algorithm
Blood product transfusion was performed according to a local transfusion protocol. The trigger for Red Blood Cell (RBC) transfusion was a Hematocrit (Ht) <0.20 during CPB or <0.25 after CPB; a Hemoglobin (Hb) <4.4 mmol/l (7.1 g/dl) during ICU stay. Plasma transfusion was based on intraoperative blood loss (i.e. the number of transfused cell saver units or clinical signs of coagulopathy after protamine administration) or ongoing blood loss and an international normalized ratio of prothrombin time (INR) >1.5 after ICU arrival. Platelet transfusion depended on clinical signs of coagulopathy and/or low Platelet Count (PC) <100 x 109/l.
Blood Sampling and Coagulation Tests
Blood samples were collected from an arterial line at five perioperative time points: T1. At baseline after induction of anesthesia; T2. During CPB after initiation of rewarming; T3. Post-CPB, after protamine administration; T4. Post-CPB, after treatment with study medication and T5. At ICU arrival. Whole blood was sampled in K2EDTA and 3.2% sodium citrate tubes (BD Vacutainer) for conventional blood tests and coagulation assays at the hospital laboratory (Hb, Ht, PC, Fibrinogen (Clauss assay, STA-R Evolution analyzer, Diagnostica STAGO, France), activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT)). Viscoelastic Point-of-Care (POC) testing was performed on a TEG 5000-analyzer (Haemonetics Corp., USA). Whole blood POC tests were performed at the operation room complex by a research professional within 5 minutes after sampling. Viscoelastic POC tests included: kaolin initiated clotting time (R; min.), time from initial clot formation until maximum firmness (Alpha Angle (AA); degrees), maximum clot strength (MA; mm) and Functional Fibrinogen (FF).
Intervention
Study medication was prepared by a trial pharmacist after aortic arch reconstruction during CPB rewarming. Fibrinogen Concentrate (FC) was dissolved in a blinded infusion bag with sterile water (1 gram per 50 ml). Fibrinogen dose was based on patient weight, using the following dosing regimen: 4 g/200 ml for weight <70kg=;6g/300ml for weight 70-90 kg; 8 g/400 ml for weight >90 kg) [12]. Placebo was a weight adjusted equivalent volume of sodium chloride 0.9% (Freeflex, Fresenius Medical Care Nederland B.V). All study medication was administered through an 18-gauche peripheral coloured intravenous line.
Study medication was only administered if clinically relevant bleeding occurred after CPB and when completion of surgical hemostasis for focal bleeding was accomplished by the surgeon. The 5-minute intraoperative bleeding mass was determined by weighing dry surgical gauzes, applying them into the surgical field for 5 minutes with no touch or irrigation and weighing them again. Blood volume weight between 60 and 250 grams was classified as clinically relevant coagulopathic bleeding [9]. After administration of study medication, 5-minute bleeding mass was measured again.
Outcomes
The primary outcome parameter was number of perioperative transfused allogeneic blood products within 24 h after surgery. Secondary outcome parameters were blood loss after surgery (chest tube drainage volume 24 h after surgery), re-operation (30 days) and postoperative mortality (30 days). Tertiary outcome parameters included the course of perioperative plasma fibrinogen levels and viscoelastic POC coagulation parameters.
Randomization and Blinding
Before surgery patients were randomly allocated by a clinical pharmacist to receive FC or placebo using block randomization (eight patients per block). Blinding of the investigators and surgical team was ensured by maintaining equivalent volumes of study medication in an infusion bag wrapped in aluminum foil.
Sample Size
Based on historical transfusion data in patients with aortic replacement surgery from our institution (median number of 24 h blood transfusions 9 ± 7) we hypothesized that two groups of 39 patients were required to demonstrate a 50% reduction of blood transfusion products in 60% of patients.
Statistical Analysis
Descriptive statistics were calculated for all parameters. Categorical variables were described as numbers and percentages. Continuous data were described as mean (standard deviation) and median [interquartile range] for normally and non-normally distributed data. Normality was tested using visual inspection of histograms. To compare categorical variables between groups Pearson chi-square test or, in case of small sample sizes, the non-parametric Fisher’s exact test was used. Statistical comparison of continuous variables was performed using the Student’s t-test for normally distributed data and the Mann-Whitney U test for non-normally distributed data. The sign test was applied for directional changes in paired coagulation parameters before and after administration of study medication. For estimating a difference in the primary outcome parameter between FC group and control group, Mann-Whitney U test was conducted on the number of transfused allogeneic blood products according to study medication treatment. Exploratory analysis was performed for secondary endpoints postoperative 24 h blood loss, re-operation and postoperative mortality. There were no missing data for the primary outcome. Missing data for secondary and tertiary outcome parameters were assumed missing completely at random and were excluded from analysis. No adjustment for multiple statistical comparisons was used.
Results
Study Population
Between August 2014 and July 2018, 171 patients with a thoracic aneurysm were screened for study participation and 73 patients were considered eligible and received study information (Figure 1). Twenty-seven patients provided informed consent and were randomized to receive FC or placebo. During surgery two patients were excluded because aortic replacement surgery was performed without HCA and five patients had insufficient intraoperative bleeding. On November 2014 the data and safety monitoring board was consulted early for a serious adverse event (one patient died of mesenteric ischemia) and concluded that the study should be continued based on the results of an interim analysis. The recruitment of study patients was terminated in December 2018 due to a low inclusion rate.
Figure 1: Patient flow diagram.
Legends; HCA; hypothermic circulatory arrest.
Twenty patients were treated with FC (N=10) or placebo (N=10). Mean age was 63 (±12) years, mean weight was 87 (±20) kg and six (30%) patients were female. Baseline characteristics are listed in Table 1. Fibrinogen concentration at the end of CPB and before study medication was 1.5 [1.4-1.7] g/l for the fibrinogen group and 1.6 [1.4-2.1] g/l for the control group (supplementary Table 1). The mean decrease in plasma fibrinogen concentration compared to baseline was 47% (±7) and 18 (90%) patients had a fibrinogen concentration <2 g/l. After FC administration the plasma concentration increased from 1.5 [1.4-1.7] g/l to 3.1 [2.8-3.3] g/l (P=0.005). At time of ICU arrival fibrinogen concentration was 3.0 [2.6-3.3] g/l in the fibrinogen group and 1.8 [1.5-2.2] g/l in the control group (P=0.001). The difference in plasma fibrinogen concentration was no longer present at 24 h after surgery (4.4 [3.4-4.7] g/l for the fibrinogen group and 3.6 [3.2-4.4] g/l for the control group, P=0.267).
Table 1: Baseline and clinical characteristics.
| Demographics |
Fibrinogen n=10 |
Placebo n=10 |
Missing |
| Age, median [IQR], y |
67 [55-74] |
64 [50-67] |
0 |
| Female, No (%) |
4 (40) |
2 (20) |
0 |
| Weight, mean (SD), kg |
86 (24) |
89 (15) |
0 |
| EuroSCORE, median [IQR] |
7.5 [5-10] |
6.5 [5-8] |
0 |
| Diabetes, No (%) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
0 |
| Hypertension, No (%) |
6 (60) |
6 (60) |
0 |
|
LVEF %, No (%)
<30
30-50
>50
|
0
3 (30)
7 (30)
|
0
3 (30)
7 (70)
|
0 |
| Aortic Valve surgery, No (%) |
4 (40) |
8 (80) |
0 |
| CPB time, median [IQR], min |
198 [174-225] |
222 [195-259] |
0 |
| Cerebral perfusion time, median [IQR], min |
30 [26-47] |
33 [27-57] |
0 |
| Transfusion autologous blood, median [IQR], ml |
833 [600-1700] |
1100 [550-1300] |
1 |
| 5-min bleeding mass before SM, median [IQR], ml |
131 [90-188] |
142 [79-158] |
0 |
| 5-min bleeding mass after SM, median [IQR], ml |
65 [39-104] |
61 [40-108] |
0 |
| Laboratory |
|
|
|
| Hb, mmol/l |
8.0 [7.3-8.7] |
7.8 [6.7-8.9] |
0 |
| Ht, % |
0.38 [0.35-0.40] |
0.37 [0.33-0.41] |
0 |
| Platelet count x109/l |
191 [163-212] |
208 [161-249] |
0 |
| Fibrinogen g/l |
3.1 [2.7-3.2] |
3.1 [2.7-4.0] |
0 |
| Aptt, s |
34.9 [32.3-36.9] |
34.4 [31.9-38.7] |
3 |
| Viscoelastic POC |
|
|
|
| TEG-MA, mm |
67.4 [65.2-69.8] |
68.5 [64.6-72.7] |
0 |
| TEG-R, min |
7.2 [4.7-8.9] |
6.9 [3.9-8.6] |
0 |
| TEG-AA, ° |
62.1 [59.7-68.3] |
65.8 [63.4-71.8] |
0 |
| FF-MA, mm |
26.7 [22.5-40.6] |
30.9 [27.5-38.7] |
1 |
CPB: Cardiopulmonary Bypass, SM: Study Medication, TEG: Thromboelastography, R: Kaolin initiated Clotting Time, AA: Angle from Initial Clot Formation Until Maximum Firmness, MA: Maximum Clot Strength, FF: Functional Fibrinogen.
Blood Transfusion and Blood Loss
Five (50%) patients in the fibrinogen group and two (20.0%) patients in the placebo group had at least one perioperative blood transfusion (P=0.196). Number and types of perioperative blood transfusions are presented in Table 2. Intraoperative bleeding after CPB was not different between both groups (5-minute bleeding mass 131 [90-188] g for the fibrinogen group and 142 [79-158] g for the control group, P=0.821). After study medication 5-minute bleeding mass was reduced by 52% [33-67] in patients that received FC compared to 32% [16-80] in patients treated with placebo (P=0.705). Median postoperative blood loss was 490 ml [393-635]. Postoperative blood loss was 450 ml [300-655] for the fibrinogen group and 510 ml [415-650] for the control group (P=0.405).
Table 2: Perioperative blood transfusions.
| |
Fibrinogen
|
Placebo |
P |
Missing
|
| Intraoperative blood transfusions, units (range) |
|
|
|
|
| RBC |
3 (1-2)
|
1 (1) |
0.503 |
0
|
| Plasma |
1 (1)
|
2 (2) |
0.942 |
0
|
| Platelets |
2 (1)
|
1 (1) |
0.542 |
0
|
| Postoperative blood transfusions (24 h), units (range) |
|
|
|
|
| RBC |
1 (1)
|
0 |
0.317 |
0
|
| Plasma |
2 (2)
|
0 |
0.317 |
0
|
| Platelets |
1 (1)
|
0 |
0.317 |
0
|
RBC: Red Blood Cells.
One patient in the fibrinogen group had a reoperation because of mesenteric arterial occlusion. In both groups one patient died during hospital stay, cause of death was mesenteric ischemia in the fibrinogen patient and sepsis in the placebo patient. One patient in the placebo group suffered from a non-fatal stroke (Figure 2).
Figure 2: Perioperative fibrinogen concentrations in fibrinogen (purple) and placebo (grey) group.
Legends; Median values and error bars, IQR. Dashed lines indicate reference lines. Pre; baseline, post; post CPB, PM; post study medication. *P<0.05.
Viscoelastic POC Tests
Perioperative viscoelastic POC test results are presented in Figure 3. Values at baseline, post-CPB and after study medication were similar between both groups (Supplementary Table 2). A reduction in maximum clot strength between baseline and post-CPB (ΔTEG-MA) was related to intraoperative blood loss (r=-0.468 for 5-min bleeding mass, P=0.043). After study medication maximum clot strength and time from initial clot formation until maximum firmness improved significantly in the FC group but not in the control group (Figure 3). Test results for maximum clot strength and functional fibrinogen returned to baseline in the FC group (-7% difference compared to baseline for TEG-MA (P=0.203) and -15% difference for FF-MA (P=0.241)) but did not in the control group (-16% difference compared to baseline for TEG-MA (P=0.005) and -53% difference for FF-MA (P=0.008)).
Figure 3: Perioperative viscoelastic POC test results.
Legends; Data markers indicate median and error bars, IQR. Dashed lines indicate manufacturers reference lines. Pre; baseline, PM; post study medication. *P<0.05.
Discussion
This study aimed to determine the effect of intraoperative treatment with FC on perioperative blood product transfusion in patients with elective aortic arch replacement surgery with HCA. A difference in number of blood transfusions after treatment with FC could not be demonstrated because the recruitment of study patients was prematurely ended due to a low inclusion rate and sample size was insufficient to answer our primary research question. Patients treated with FC showed an improvement in fibrinogen concentration, maximum clot strength and time from initial clot formation until maximum firmness directly after CPB, compared to patients treated with placebo.
Prior studies on the effect of treatment with FC to reduce blood transfusions in cardiac surgery patients have shown conflicting results [9-11,13-15]. A single-center randomized trial published in 2013, demonstrated that intra-operative treatment with FC resulted in an 85% reduction of blood transfusions in patients undergoing aortic replacement surgery [9]. Total avoidance of transfusion was achieved in almost half of the FC patients compared to none of the placebo patients. However, the number of blood transfusions in the control group was very high (median 13 units vs. 2 units in the FC group) and the favorable effect of FC treatment on blood transfusion after aortic replacement surgery could not be confirmed in a follow up multi-center study in 2016 with a similar design [10]. In that study, the number of transfusions in the placebo group declined to a median of 3 units [0-7] and was even lower than the number of transfusions in the FC group (median 5 units) [2-11]. A clear explanation for the higher transfusion rate in the FC group was not found, but could have been the result of poor protocol adherence [16]. The large decline in perioperative blood transfusions over time in patients undergoing aortic replacement surgery, irrespective of FC treatment, was also witnessed in our institution. Our historical transfusion data that were used for sample size analysis in 2014, showed a much higher number of transfusions than the control group of our randomized trial (median 9 ± 7 vs. median 0 ± 0). Therefore, it seems unlikely that our sample size would have been sufficient to demonstrated a significant difference in transfusions between both groups, if patient recruitment had not been prematurely ended. The implementation of a patient blood management program in 2015 that consisted of lower transfusion thresholds, an intraoperative POC transfusion algorithm, modified surgical and CPB techniques to reduce blood loss and limit intraoperative anemia could explain the overall reduction of transfusions over time in patients undergoing aortic replacement surgery in our institution.
Our results showed that treatment with FC resulted in an improvement of maximum clot strength and time from initial clot formation until maximum firmness compared to placebo. This finding is relevant as a reduction in maximum clot strength between baseline and post-CPB was correlated to intraoperative blood loss. In surgical patients, viscoelastic coagulation tests are used for the early diagnosis of coagulation disorders, to guide transfusion management and consequently reduce postoperative bleeding and blood product consumption [17-19]. In cardiac surgery patients monitoring of fibrinogen function with viscoelastic tests showed a better clinical performance than routine coagulation tests as a standardized, more reliable and valid laboratory tool for monitoring of the fibrinogen contribution to the clot formation [3]. Maximum clot strength was found to be the best viscoelastic predictor of postoperative blood loss, while none of the routine coagulation tests showed any correlation with postoperative bleeding [19,20].
Fibrinogen plays a key role in hemostasis and a negative association exists between plasma fibrinogen levels and blood loss after cardiac surgery [8,21-23]. Studies have shown that patients with normal or elevated fibrinogen levels experience fewer bleeding complications than patients with low fibrinogen levels [23,24]. In post-CPB hemostasis, fibrin formation is significantly more deteriorated than the platelet component of whole blood clot strength, suggesting that initial management of coagulopathy following cardiac surgery should focus on improving fibrin formation [25]. While the critical level of plasma fibrinogen, in relation to perioperative blood loss, remains subject of debate, there are experimental and clinical data describing that fibrinogen improves clot strength dose dependently [26,27]. In our study the median fibrinogen concentration after CPB was below the reference range in 90% of patients but most patients had little blood loss and a beneficial effect of FC treatment to reduce the number of blood transfusion products could not be established. However, we were able to demonstrate that FC treatment effectively restored fibrinogen levels and maximum clot strength to preoperative levels. Considering the relationship between maximum clot strength and bleeding, viscoelastic testing can guide the physician in the primary replacement of fibrinogen to reduce postoperative blood loss.
Limitations
Our trial was prematurely ended due to low inclusion rates. More than expected, patients were not eligible for study participation due to use of anticoagulants or a history of thrombosis. Also, we overestimated the willingness of high-risk cardiac surgery patients to participate in a clinical intervention study. The main reasons to refrain from study participation were anxiety for surgery and fear for adverse outcome. We aimed to include patients at high risk for postoperative bleeding based on type of surgery, use of HCA and historical data. However, overall blood loss was low. This may be the result of a Hawthorne effect. Also, different aspects of a patient blood management program could have influenced blood loss in favor of patient outcome.
Conclusion
This study demonstrated that low fibrinogen levels are common after elective aortic replacement surgery with HCA. Treatment with FC effectively restored fibrinogen levels, improved maximum clot strength and time until maximum firmness but a reduction in blood loss compared to patients treated with placebo could not be demonstrated.
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